“Art speaks where words are unable to speak.”

In our modern society, we tend to take for granted the traditional art that we have and appreciate more the visual art that is emerging nowadays. In this walkthrough around Bonifacio Global City (BGC), you don’t need to have a specific itinerary if you want to walk around and appreciate art, there are various of street art like murals and installations just sitting around, waiting to be discovered.

In the picture, you can see a portrait of an astronaut. It was made by CYRCLE, a 2-artist team, David Leavitt and David Torres, from Los Angeles, California. This painting is called “Between the Lines”. It is located at Icon Plaza Building, Federacion Drive (near the corner of 26th Street and 7th Avenue).

When you go to BGC from Ayala using a BGC bus, this is the first mural art that you can spot in the area. The painting is like an ordinary black and white portrait of an astronaut but the thing that makes it unique is that, it is painted horizontally with vertical lines in bold and neon blue color that makes the artwork pop out even with just black and white colors. This is one of my favorites among all the murals around BGC, mainly because it occupies the whole building wall and it’s because of that luminous green lines, plus this is a place where you can find an assortment of food every weekends.

“The Trees” is a sculpture made by Reynato Paz Contrera. The installation “The Trees” is a canopy of interlocked trees. The sculpture is located at the Burgos Circle at Bonifacio Global City.

The artwork have fooled many who thought it was a real tree at first glance. The marker has a message from the scupltor, “The tree trunks signify stability while the branches and leaves that intertwine to create the circular effect symbolizes the “circle of life”, the interrelation in nature and the vital role that each one plays. May this sculptural piece remind everyone of the need to preserve the environment to sustain life and development not just today but for the future as well.”

“Araw + Ulap + Laro = Saya”

(Sun + Clouds + Play = Fun)

Artist: The Mighty Bhutens (2014)

Location: C2 Building, Bonifacio High Street Central, 7^th Avenue

“These are things essential in the lives of children. In this mosaic mural, we want to spark children’s imagination and their whole playful and colourful view towards life. There are two mosaic sculptures: one playing with the flowers and another letting her imagination fly while flying a kite (which is one of the clouds) . One mosaic sculpture has hands coming out of the wall showing kids how easy it is to shift from different parallel universe: the real and the imagined.

“We have also incorporated a mandala into the sun which is the sign of the universe. Our clouds take on different animal shapes as kids in the past, even before modern technology took over would play with the skies and see different creatures in the shape of the clouds.”

True happiness, this is what I can interpret in this mosaic. It gives you a nostalgic feeling during your childhood days. Your imagination has no limit. You can be carefree as you like and play until your hearts content.

As you look at the mosaic, the artists used bright colors. It signifies the innocence of a child, that he/she is happy whenever he/she imagines and plays. Children are contented on what they have and that is one of the reasons why it feels good to see a childhood memory once more.

Art has no boundaries. It is also one of the messages that this mosaic wants us to know. We can still play, imagine, be happy and carefree like the children we used to be.

The children will surely love this mural called “Sweet Dreams” You can see the mother moon soothing the people in BGC to sleep with the colorful song that makes everyone feel that they are taken good care of. It is created by The Mighty Bhutens in 2014.

It is a simple mural but when you see it, you’ll be amazed and somehow, you will remember how your parents told you stories at night and how they sing lullabies as you go to sleep.

“Wallflowers”

Artist: Tripp63 (2016)

Location: Bonifacio High Street B-2

               (Back of Krispy Kreme)

This art is made by a Filipino artist by only using spray paint as a coloring material. It is also an entry to the Mural Festival last 2016.

It is said that this is dedicated to people who keep a blind eye to things that they need to see. If you look closely at the art, you can see the eyes looking at one direction and that direction looks at you.

For me, this mural wants to convey that people should be brave to keep their eyes open on things that they must see in order to understand it fully. It’s as if saying that one should not be afraid, because people who surround you will always criticize you, but one must stand their ground in order to face it. Be like a flower for it symbolizes growth, and you too, should grow like one.

If you are a fan of the series Strangers Things and you want an instagrammable picture, you can go behind the wall of Fully Booked at B6 block of Bonifacio High street and see this “Welcome to Hawkins” mural. It features the lead characters Mike, Dustin, Lucas and Will. Eleven is also there and yes she is upside down. And an image of demogorgon chasing the kids of hawkins.

One of the most interesting murals in BGC is “The Way Home”. It is a series of three murals showing the sentimentality, homesickness and the longing in getting back in the past. The creator of this mural is Solana Perez, she is from Baguio and as you can see in the murals she adopted her culture from the horses to Cordillera to Lingling an Igorot ear pendant. The motif also shows their traditional tattoos.

The artist named Reg Yuson designed a huge suspended boulder fountain way back in 2007. It was suspended by three curving stainless steel poles that out spaced the natural order of things. The crags and crevices give you some illusion, if it will give in piece by piece, or if it will fall as a whole big rock. This kind of installation is such a great one because as you can see, even a simple rock can become a piece of an art and also doubles its purpose as a fountain.

The mural “Mother Nature : Four Seasons” was created by Dee Jae Paeste in 2014, and this artwork could be found in C1 Pocket Parking, Bonifacio High Street Central, 28^th Street. As we can see in the photos, the murals are painted in four different side walls, which indicates that all are connected with each other. The murals show the different seasons we experience and that these seasons represent us people, the feelings and emotions we feel, the changes that happen as we face life, and the growth and development of one’s character through the challenges we experience in life. The murals also show the connection we have in nature, that in order to see real beauty, you need to open your eyes that are blinded by the technology in our modern society in order to see the beauty of nature that was all along present, because people took it for granted. We are still connected to nature, but just need to look around to appreciate it once more. The artist used colors that are closely related to nature in order to give life to the artwork.

Another mural is titled “Magic Owl” by Bunnie Reiss which was created in 2016 and found in B1 Pocket Parking, Bonifacio Street, Lane 0. This artwork depicts mainly an owl, but not just an ordinary owl, rather, it is an owl that when you look at it, you’ll feel like you’re in a dream because you could see details, and the colors used by the artist are contrasting but complimentary and playful ones. A variety of shapes and curvilinear lines where used to somehow show that there is motion. Once you view this artwork, it will instantly create something in your mind that allows you to bring the inner artist in you. People have different perspectives and it allows us to exchange our ideas and express what we think it means.

Another mural is titled “Magic Owl” by Bunnie Reiss which was created in 2016 and found in B1 Pocket Parking, Bonifacio Street, Lane 0. This artwork depicts mainly an owl, but not just an ordinary owl, rather, it is an owl that when you look at it, you’ll feel like you’re in a dream because you could see details, and the colors used by the artist are contrasting but complimentary and playful ones. A variety of shapes and curvilinear lines where used to somehow show that there is motion. Once you view this artwork, it will instantly create something in your mind that allows you to bring the inner artist in you. People have different perspectives and it allows us to exchange our ideas and express what we think it means.

This artwork or slogan “May You Find Comfort Here” by KFK was made in 2016 and located in B1 Pocket Parking, Bonifacio High Street, Lane 0. Art is not only depicted through images, words also play a significant impact to the viewers. The message of this murals is that home is merely not a place, but rather, it is where you find comfort and acceptance. People nowadays are not in the places they call ‘home’ due to circumstances, and this quote speaks to us that it hopes for us to find comfort even in foreign places. Calligraphy and floral illustrations were used to portray the artwork. The juxtaposition of the words and the floral image was wonderful, having to blend the black and white colors of the background and the text itself with the lively colors of the floral image. The idea might be contrasting with one another, but the artist was able to blend it, and it somehow mirrors our world today, where we tend to fit in.

The next mural “We Are What We Pretend To Be” created by Nate Frizzell in 2015 and is seen in B6 Building, Bonifacio High Street, Lane 0 Corner 11^th Avenue. These are a series of murals around the area, you will see them in different places, but they have the same idea. This certain art we came across with is an image of a boy with a spray-painted tiger, and in front of him is a tiger mask. The idea is that, people often wear different masks at various situations. The masks we wear depends on our environment, or the people we interact with. The title itself speaks of it, we can say that we ‘pretend’ to be this or that, but in reality, those masks we wear everyday really defines who we really are. It becomes a part of the person we are becoming as we mingle with others. That’s why we need to be careful on what masks we wear, for it defines us.

As we conclude this blog, we should always keep in mind that one needs to open one’s mind in order to appreciate the things around us. Even in an urban area like BGC, there is art and you just have to appreciate it.

“The art of appreciation begins with self appreciation.”

THE WANDERERS

REFERENCES:

• https://www.artsatbgc.org/map.php
• https://www.traveling-up.com/art-in-the-city-murals-in-bgc/
• https://blog.threadless.com/spotted-art-taguig-phillippines/
• https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-10-most-instagrammable-spots-in-taguig-manila/
• https://bgc.com.ph/amp/magic-owl/
• http://ohmyue.blogspot.com/2017/10/what-we-pretend-to-be-boy-tiger-bgc.html?m=1
• https://bgc.com.ph/amp/we-are-what-we-pretend-to-be/
• https://www.artsatbgc.org/mural_details.php?id=3
  

The Philippines is considered as a Catholic country because the large percentage of Filipinos are Catholics. Thus it is not surprising that our country is filled with numerous churches and most of them are considered national treasure because of their historical and cultural value. In this adventure we will visit some of these churches that are filled with stories in its walls and examinees’ the artistry behind their magnificent architectures.

All of the churches we will visit is part of the Archdiocese of Manila one of the earliest and primary congregation of catholic churches in the country. These churches are built dated back from the colonial period of Spaniards and still standing firm until today.

• Ermita Shrine

First stop is the Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guidance, also known as Ermita Shrine or Ermita Church (Spanish: La Ermita de Nuestra Señora de Guía). It is a shrine located in the district of Ermita in the City of Manila, Philippines. The church is home to the Marian image of the Immaculate Concepcion known as Nuestra Señora de Guía, which is considered to be oldest in the Philippines, and in whose honor the church is officially named after and dedicated to.

The church began as a rustic shrine made of bamboo, nipa, and molave wood that was built to house the image of Our Lady of Guidance in the area where it was found in 1571. The church was damaged many times due to earthquakes. In addition, the image had to be transferred to the Manila Cathedral for safekeeping during the British occupation of Manila in 1762–1764. A more permanent stone church was built in 1810; the image was returned to the church in 1918. On December 3, 2005, Manila Archbishop Most Rev. Gaudencio B. Cardinal Rosales, DD elevated the status of this church to an archdiocesan shrine.

From the outside you could see a large image of the Virgin in the beautiful façade. Inside is a collection of beautiful murals painted on the ceiling. The one that really standouts is the large altar where the Our Lady of Guidance is enthroned. The simplicity of the structure provides a good place for worship as well as highlighting the solemnity and sacredness of the church. In addition, there are also several sculptures of religious figures inside the church that conforms to the tradition of the Catholic religion.

Source:

Roces, A.,(2018).Ermita church now mother of all shrines. Retrieved from:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.philstar.com/opinion/2005/12/24/313514/ermita-church-now-mother-all-shrines/amp/

• Manila Cathedral

            The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Filipino: Basilika Menore at Kalakhang Katedral ng Kalinis-linisang Paglilihi; Spanish: Basílica Menor y Catedral Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción), also known as Manila Cathedral, is the cathedral of Manila and basilica located in Intramuros, the historic walled city within today’s modern city of Manila, Philippines. It is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, a title for the Blessed Virgin Mary, the principal patroness of the country. The cathedral serves as the episcopal see of the Archbishop of Manila.

            It was founded on 1571 by Fray Juan de Vivero. The year was 1521, as Ferdinand Magellan set foot in the Philippines, it marked the arrival of Catholicism in the Philippines. The Spanish colonization paved way for the spread of Christianity and the era of western church architecture in the Philippines. During the three centuries of colonization it produced grandly design churches; one of these is the Manila Cathedral.

            The formal reopening of the Church happened last April 9, 2014. On January 16, 2015, Pope Francis celebrated his first Papal Mass in the country at the cathedral as part of his apostolic visit to the Philippines. The mass was celebrated for the bishops, priests, and the clergy in three languages: Latin, English, and Filipino. The patron saints of Manila Cathedral are Saint Rose of Lima and Saint Potenciana.

            The architect of Manila Cathedral is Fernando H. Ocampo, Sr. The groundbreaking happened last 1954. The Neo-Romanesque-Byzantine cathedral has long been the seat of archbishop in the Philippines.

            The northwest façade is a replica of the façade of the previous cathedral, along with statues of famous saints sculpted in Roman travertine stone. Several of the artworks inside the basilica were made by Italian artists. In the previous cathedral, they were originally made of molave wood. The statue of Saint Rose of Lima was sculpted by Angelo Fattinanzi while Saint Jacob, Saint Andrew, and Saint Anthony the Abbott were by sculptress Livia Papini. The statues of Saint Francis Xavier and Saint Polycarp were done by Alcide Tico.

            The tympanum above the central northwest doors bears the Latin inscription Tibi cordi tuo immaculato concredimus nos ac consecramus (English: “To thy Immaculate Heart, entrust us and consecrate us”).

            The papal arms were added in 1981 to signify the cathedral’s status as a basilica.

            Since Pope John Paul II’s apostolic visit to the basilica in 1981, a medallion bearing the Papal arms has been placed beneath the cross on the northwest end. The red galero hat of Cardinal Rufino Santos is also suspended from the ceiling of the dome. In addition, a copy of Saint Peter’s statue (attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio) is enshrined inside, across a polychrome life-sized statue of the Immaculate Conception.

            Prior to 1988, the bronze statue of the Immaculate Conception in the main altar, by national Italian sculptor Vincenzo Assenza, was painted gold until 1988 (though the twelve star halo-aureola is solid gold).[23][24] Inscribed on the baldachin above the statue of the Immaculate Conception is the Latin antiphon Tota Pulchra es Maria et Macula Originalis Non est in Te (English: “Thou art all-beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [spot] (of sin) is not in thee.”).

            The baptismal font and angel-shaped holy water fonts are also made of solid bronze by Publio Morbiducci; the prominent mosaic of Saint Jude Thaddeus was made by Marcello Mazzoli. The 134 modern stained glass windows were made in 1964 by Filipino artist Galo Ocampo. The window set, which was a programme of Marian themes, was commissioned and funded by Cardinal Rufino Jiao Santos.

            The artistic designs of the stained glass windows of the Manila Cathedral are mostly products of the creative genius of Ocampo, one of the most versatile contemporary Filipino artists during his time and a recipient of the 1964 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award from the city government of Manila.

            From Ermita Shrine you will traverse the Rizal Park until you reach the Walled City of Intramuros. Inside you will walk down the historic street of Muralla and Beaterio.

Source:

http://manilacathedral.com.ph/about_us

http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/117/the-history-of-the-manila-cathedral

https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/the-latest-arts-culture/74658/manila-cathedral-history-a518-20180807-lfrm

• Binondo Church

As we continue our journey we will now enter the famous Chinatown in Binondo, Manila where the culture of Filipinos and Chinese were fused and enriched by time. The hospitable attitude to the Chinese by the early Spanish colonists became an incentive for the former to increase their trade to Manila. Soon enough, there was an upsurge in their population. The difficulty came when the missionaries realized that aside from the natives, they had to manage the conversion of the Chinese population. This prompted the church headed by Bishop Domingo de Salazar to issue an appeal for the religious orders (there were three in the colony that time) to Christianize these pagans. But due to lack of personnel and difficulty in learning the Chinese language, the request was turned down. The Minor Basilica of St. Lorenzo Ruiz is located at Ongpin Street and Quintin Paredo Road and at the edge of the Plaza San Lorenzo Ruiz in Binondo, Manila. If you want to come and visit the church you may ride Lrt, Jeepney or Bus near you and it is easy for you to find since it was only located near the road where public and private vehicle comes along.

The Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz, Binondo church was named after the sacristan, San Lorenzo Ruiz, who was born of a Chinese father and a Filipino mother. He was trained in this church then went to Japan as a missionary, where he was executed for refusing to renounce his religion. He was canonized in 1989. A large statue of the martyr stands in front of the church, being the first Filipino saint. The architectural style is Spanish or European Baroque and moreover it is notable for its octagonal five-tier Chinese-style bell tower which reflects the culture and art of the surround Chinatown. The most striking feature of the rebuilt interior is the more marble and gilded reredos depicting the facade of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Before the war, it was considered as one of the most beautiful churches in the country. Its bell tower was composed of five stories, octagonal in shape. At its top was a mirador (viewing window). The roof behind the pediment and the walls at the left of the facade are additions in the past years. The original facade, with some few renovations, is similar to that of the Italian High Renaissance churches. The facade is buttressed on the sides by pilaster mass terminated by urn-like decorations. A tower is found at the apex of the pediment. At the base of the pediment, along its central axis, is a small circular window framed by smaller columns and pediment which are framed by a foliated scroll. At the right is the huge, octagonal tower characterized by cantons at its angles and pedimented window openings.

Trivia:

• The altar of the church is loosely modeled after the St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City.
• Binondo Church has been reconstructed many times due to natural calamities and only the Bell Tower is what remained of the original 16th century structure, it has retained the classic architecture that makes the place a wondrous sight for the most unforgettable occasion.
• Andres Bonifacio and Gregoria de Jesus were married through a Catholic ceremony in Binondo Church in March 1893 or 1894.

Source:

Dacumos, J., (2012), Minor Basilica of St. Lorenzo Ruiz – Binondo Church. Retrieved from: https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Minor-Basilica-of-St-Lorenzo-Ruiz-Binondo-Church

Wagner, D. P., (2018) Binondo Church. Retrieved from: https://www.fabulousphilippines.com/binondo-church-manila.html

• Sta Cruz Parish

Next stop is the Our Lady of the Pillar Parish Church, commonly known as the Santa Cruz Church and also designated as the Archdiocesan Shrine of the Blessed Sacrament. It is s a baroque Roman Catholic parish church in the district of Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines. It was built when the arrabal (suburb) of Santa Cruz was established by the Jesuits in the early 17th century. The church had undergone many repairs and reconstruction, with the last reconstruction done in the 1950s. It is the first Mission and Mother house of Filipino Sacramentinos, making it as the center of Congregation Activities and events. The Santa Cruz Parish Church is located in Santa Cruz District, Manila. Originally erected in the Spanish era to cater to the spiritual needs of Chinese Immigrants in Manila. Here are to go using public transportation.

 If you are coming from Monumento or Baclaran Area: You may ride the LRT-1 and alight off at Carriedo Station. From there, you can just walk going to the Santa Cruz Parish Church. If the LRT-1 is not available you may also ride a Jeepney going to Carriedo. If you are coming from Antipolo, Rizal Area: You may ride the LRT-2 and alight off at Recto Station. From Recto, you may walk going to AVENIDA and from there, look for Jeepneys bound to Baclaran, Pier, Mabini or SM Manila. Ask the driver to drop you off at Santa Cruz Parish Church.

 It is currently under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Manila, and is being administered by the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. The Congregation is founded by St. Peter Julian Eymard. The church facade is characteristically Baroque with Ionic piers vertically dividing the first two levels in three parts. Three semicircular arch doorways form as main entrance to the church. A Celtic-like window flanked by small semicircular windows is found at the center of the second level. Forming as the pediment, the topmost level has its raking cornice in undulating liens emanating from the broken pediment found above the statued niche. The domed belfry rises on the right in six levels.

The original structure of the church was twice damaged by earthquakes and then completely destroyed during the Battle of Manila. The present building of the church, reconstructed in 1957, was designed to reflect the Spanish baroque style.

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Church_(Manila)

http://philippinecatholicchurches.blogspot.com/2014/03/santa-cruz-parish-church-manila.html

• Quiapo Church

One of the church that is included in our itinerary is the famous Quiapo Church in Manila where the miraculous image of the Black Nazarene is situated. The Minor Basilica of Black Narazene was built in 1586 by the Franciscan order of the Roman Catholic Church. The first Quiapo Church was built on the same site as where we see the today’s church of the same name. It was constructed using a frame bamboo and thatching out of nipa palm. This church was burnt down in 1639. A second Quiapo Church was built on the same site. Though the building was stronger, it was destroyed in the powerful 1863 earthquake. A third Quiapo Church was built, with construction being completed in 1899, only to be almost completed destroyed by fire just decades later – in 1928. The fourth (and current) Quiapo Church was then built in the Mexican Baroque style. A second belfry and a dome were added to the design. Quiapo Church is located at 363 Quezon Blvd, Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro Manila.

The easiest and most comfortable way to commute going to Quiapo is through the Light Rail Transit (LRT).

If you are commuting using the Light Rail Transit (LRT) line 1, and you are coming from the south of Metro Manila e.g. Paranaque, Sucat, Alabang, Muntinlupa, etc., you should get to any station of LRT1 and ride a Monumento or Roosevelt bound train. Get off the train as soon as you get to the Carriedo station. Same way for those coming from north of Metro Manila like Navotas, Malabon, Valenzuela, Caloocan, Novaliches and other nearby areas. Take LRT1, specifically a Baclaran bound train and get off at Carriedo station. From Carriedo station, you will get to Quiapo Church by walking eastward.

If you are commuting using the Light Rail Transit (LRT) line 2 and you are coming from any station, anywhere from Santolan station, you just need to get off at Recto station that is the last station of LRT-2. From there you just need to walk toward the corner of C.M. Recto and Quezon Boulevard where you will see the Isetann Mall. From the Isetann Mall you walk southward to get to the Quiapo Church.

Quiapo Church was built in the Baroque style, Quiapo Church’s façade is distinctive with twisted columns on both levels. The Corinthian columns of the second level has a third of its shaft twisted near the base, while the upper portion has a smooth surface. The topmost portion of the four-storey belfries are rimmed with balustrades and decorated with huge scrolls. The tympanum of the pediment has a pair of chalice-shaped finials, and towards the end of the raking cornice, urn-like vases mark the end of the pediment. A quatrefoil window in the centre of the pediment was sealed up in the late 1980s and replaced with a relief of the crossed keys and tiara of the pope – a symbol of its status as a minor basilica.

Source:

https://quiapotoday.wordpress.com/traditional-beliefs/trip-to-quiapo/

• San Sebastian Church

The last church on our list is the San Sebastian Church also known as the Minor Basilica of San Sebastian is completed and inaugurated in 1891 it was inspired by the Gothic Revival Architecture, it is the only steel building church in the Philippines. It was designated as a National Historical Landmark in 1973. It is located at  Pasaje del Carmen St, Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro Manila

From Intramuros bind the Manuel L. Quezon bridge bound to quiapo manila. Then walks towards the FR Hidalgo St. after that turn right way to San Rafael St. then walk through Nepomuceno St. and you should immediately see a light blue gothic church.

St Sebastian is a Christian saint and martyr. In Roman Catholicism, Sebastian is the patron saint of athletes as well as the patron saint of archers. He is commonly depicted in art and literature tied to a post or tree and shot with arrows. The artistic depiction of St Sebastian is considered symbolic of the virtues and gifts of strength, stamina, perseverance, courage and justice in the face of adversity.

The church was a prefabricated steel sections were manufactured in Binche, Belgium. The interior of the basilica are made of exquisite groined vaults, a true Gothic architecture-style. Confessionals, pulpit, altar and retablos represent fine Gothic revival, which were headed and designed by Professors from the Academia de Pintura y Dibujo, Lorenzo Rocha and Lorenzo Guerrero. The vaults display intricate trompe l’oeil paintings of saints and several religious figures, an art approach where the images create optical illusions. 

In addition, the land upon which the church stands was said to be donated by Don Bernardino Castillo, a devotee of Saint Sebastian. The first church was made of wood and was burned down during an uprising the mid-16th century. Bricks were used to rebuild the succeeding structures which were then destroyed by earthquake and fire from the mid to late 18th century. The parish priest of the ruined church, Esteban Martinez, came to Spanish architect Genaro Palacios with a plan to build a church is both fire and earthquake resistant.

In the Philippines one of the best place you can visit if you want to satisfy your eyes and at the same time to enriched your mind with knowledge about our past and culture, its no other than the National Museums specifically, the National Museum of Fine Arts. It is home to numerous collections of artworks dated from centuries ago up to our contemporary times. In this place you can visit a numerous galleries filled with artworks and masterpieces of Filipino artist. Every room and hallways express different emotions, narrates different stories and even gives off a different atmosphere. From the lobby where the magnificent Spolarium by Juan Luna that welcomes you up to the uppermost gallery, satisfaction will never fade.

In this journey you could see a glimpse of what are the things that awaits you as you visit the museum.

Source:

https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Basilica-of-San-Sebastian-in-Manila

• Via Crusis, The Stations of the Cross

Unknown Bohol Artist, 1830

Situated on the second floor of the museum is a large gallery full of historical religious relics that where found and became part of the museum’s collection. One of which is a group of paintings that portrays significant events in the Passion of Christ, from his condemnation by Pontius Pilate to his entombment – The Station of the Cross, Via Crusis. Each of the 14 paintings was displayed around the room. These paintings where retrieved in a local parish in the province of Bohol. Unfortunately, until today the skilful painter who worked for this pieces was not yet known.

As you go around the gallery and carefully look on each of the painting you can observed the similarities of all, wherein they are all resembling other work of arts especially those of which are painted during the medieval age. During this era the most of the artworks especially paintings are flat or 2-dimensional, mostly are religious in nature and used colors to portray certain meanings such as power, immortality and holiness. Furthermore, as you observed most of the paintings used dark colors and value because the events portrayed in the paintings are expressing sorrow, grief, and death.

The following are the events included in the Way of the Cross:

1st Station: Jesus is condemned to death

2nd Station: Jesus carries His cross

3rd Station: Jesus falls the first time

4th Station: Jesus meets his mother

5th Station: Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry his cross

6th Station: Veronica wipes the face of Jesus

7th Station: Jesus falls the second time

8th Station: Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem

9th Station: Jesus falls a third time

10th Station: Jesus’ clothes are taken away

11th Station: Jesus is nailed to the cross

12th Station: Jesus dies on the cross

13th Station: The body of Jesus is taken down from the cross

14th Station: Jesus is laid in the tomb

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stations-of-the-Cross

• The Virgin has Nothing to Sell

Saul Hofilena and Guy Custodio, 2018

At the uppermost floor of the museum is where the new addition in the museum’s collection is situated. The new gallery is entitled as “HOCUS” which is a combination of the names of the creator and benefactors of the art pieces found in the gallery namely Saul Hofilena and Guy Custodio. One of the artworks in the collection is a painting of the Virgin Mary – The Virgin has Nothing to Sell. It is an image of the Virgin Mary specifically, The Nuestra Senora de la Paz y Buen Viaje (Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage) of Antipolo, Rizal. The interesting on the image is its backgrounds wherein it depicts how the unscrupulous make money on the devotion to the blessed image. The Virgin is surrounded by makeshifts stores selling myriad religious objects to crowds of pilgrims who come to ask for her protection. But the Virgin herself has nothing to sell.

As you look closely to the image you can easily recognized that the painting highlighted the sacredness of the blessed image of the Virgin Mary which implies that the Virgin herself does not need to offer anything for her to be trusted for the protection of the devotees. The color used in the image express the holiness and divinity of the image. On the other had the background has a darker tones of color which imply the negativity of those actions portrayed.

Sources:

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Museums%20and%20Branches/National1.html

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Fine%20Art.html

https://www.saulhofilena.com/

1. Bondage

Papo De Asis, 1993

            In this museum, the collection of artworks are not only limited to the four corners of the rooms or galleries. There are also art pieces such as paintings that are exhibited on the hallways. One of which is the painting of Papo De Asis, Bondage. It was painted in 1993, after the martial law, at a time which is relatively uneventful for the Philippines. The first thing you could easily noticed about the painting is the subject at the center. The main subject is a man buried in concrete. Scattered around it are smaller subjects such as the grim reaper, the woman, and the skull.

For this painting the artist used oil paint to cast the image to the canvas. The choice of medium does not speak a lot about the piece since it is known that oil is commonly used for paintings due to its durability against deterioration.

 The elements of art are also observable in the artwork. For instance the used of different kind of lines highlights the different texture and emotions that can be felt from the painting. Through the lines you can feel the movement, fluidity, stiffness, hardness, sufferings and instability. Additionally, the used of colors help to easily distinguish the parts from one another. Lastly, the artist exquisitely imply the emotions to the public trough the combination of style and artistry.

 Papo de Asis is a social realist who created socially conscious artwork since the 1970s. After martial law, his artwork transitioned into political events and he became an artist/activist. In one of his statements, released on November 1992, he said,

“It would be very difficult for an artist to probe into the depths of his soul and psyche, when the machination of half of his brain was forced into subjugation by the western colonial masters…the other half laid to a pitiful state of lethargy by “cultural amnesia. “Yet the need to express what to us is a constant source of torment and suffering remains a very painful necessity. For me, to express is to be free. For freedom is a fundamental element of life, art an expression, a tool to realize freedom. My art is my way of exposing the kind of suppression that had been employed by not only the historical imperialistic conquerors, but also the ever-emerging oligarchs and the corrupt social classes they spawned. They presently dominate the state-political-economic power.

Hence, my paintings yearn to be the anguished expression of a people long denied of justice and equality.”

            The fact that Papo de Asis was able to convey his stand, on a single artwork alone, makes him one great artist. For art is not just about aesthetics, but it is about the content associated in symbols and combined to form one clear message. Art is the genius of putting together elements to create one coherent masterpiece.

Source:

https://subtleandraw.wordpress.com/2016/07/13/chef-doeuvre/

• The Burning of Manila

Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto, 1942

The museum’s collection of beautiful artworks of numerous Filipino Artist seems to be priceless because of its timeliness and importance to our history and culture. One of the painting that can be considered as timeless and important is the The Burning of Manila made by the National Artist for Painting himself, Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto. He was one of the most important artists in the history of painting in the Philippines.

  Fernando Amorsolo was a known portraitist and a painter of rural Filipino life, but there was an obvious shift in his works during World War II. Where he used to paint idyllic landscapes and beautiful Filipina women, he shifted to depicting the destruction caused by war. In this piece, Manila is ravaged and almost engulfed in flames. Upon closer inspection, you can also see Filipinos fleeing from the scene, carrying their meager possessions. 

This artwork depicts the idea how the Manila is devastated during that time. This painting shows the Battle of Manila happened during the Japanese era, he depicted the tragedy and horror in this battle.

Base on the artwork, the color defines the tone or the mood of the painting, it gives some glimpse that this painting has an awful and heart crashing meaning. Through the use of different elements he clearly express the emotions that can be felt during a war and depicts how devastating it was for our ancestors.

Source:

https://www.philippineartgallery.com/fernando-amorsolo.html

• Woman in Distress

Benedicto R. Cabrera, 2007

As you continuously explore the museum and its galleries and hallways your eyes will surely be satisfied and as you continually walk you would felt numerous emotions express by different art pieces and the one that would surely give you a strong emotion is the painting, Woman in distress. The eye-catching monochromatic painting portrays a woman in deep stress with bold strokes, conveying a powerful image and emotions.

 Benedicto Cabrera aka Bencab is considered the preeminent Filipino painter of his generation. Primarily figurative, Cabrera’s work often depicts woman and occasionally men wrapped in swirling, bundled fabrics and capes.  Bencab has always been interested in movement and form. His paintings are infused with vigorous rhythmic brush strokes, flowing lines, and spirited body movements. The painting was painted in dark colors which represent the emotions and feelings that the painter was conveying to the audience also it portray melancholy, dislocation, and despair.

Source:

Pabst, J., (2019) Benedicto Cabrera. Retrieved from: http://www.artnet.com/artists/benedicto-cabrera/3

• An Old Woman with  Mortar

Diosdado M. Lorenzo, 1937

Artworks depicts many stories even those that are untold and being neglected by the society. The painting that shows a portrait of an old woman holding a mortar indicate the ways of preparing traditional food in the provinces. It portrays a simple story yet important to our culture as Filipinos. The paintings simplicity gives off a handful of stories and mixed emotions.

ROXAS BOULEVARD

Roxas Boulevard is a popular waterfront promenade in Manila in the Philippines. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of Manila Bay, is well known for its sunsets and stretch of coconut trees. The divided roadway has become a trademark of Philippine tourism, famed for its yacht club, hotels, restaurants, commercial buildings and parks.

Originally called Cavite Boulevard, it was renamed Dewey Boulevard in honor of the American Admiral George Dewey, whose forces defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898. The boulevard was again renamed to Heiwa Boulevard in late 1941 during Japanese Home Rule and Roxas Boulevard in the 1960s to honor President Manuel Roxas, the fifth president of the Republic of Philippines.

Roxas Boulevard starts at Rizal Park also known as Luneta Park as a physical continuation of Bonifacio Drive. The road passes through many tall buildings, restaurants, banks, monuments, and other establishments. The United States Embassy is in the Luneta area; a kilometer south the headquarters of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and Philippine Navy are located within the Malate district of Manila. After the BSP building, the boulevard enters Pasay, passing through the CCP Complex and Star City.

For us to wander Roxas Boulevard, let’s go for a walk tour, and for this tour we’ll be looking and describing building structures that gives out history and been part of the architectural era of the Philippines.

THE MANILA HOTEL

The Manila Hotel is a 570-room, historic five-star hotel located along Manila Bay in Manila, Philippines. The hotel is the oldest premiere hotel in the Philippines built in 1909 to rival Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines and was opened on the commemoration of American Independence on July 4, 1912. The hotel complex was built on a reclaimed area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) at the northwestern end of Rizal Park along Bonifacio Drive in Ermita. Its penthouse served as the residence of General Douglas MacArthur during his tenure as the Military Advisor of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1935 to 1941

Spend some quality time with your loved ones at Manila Hotel. Situated in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines, this 4-star homey and sophisticated hotel will make you feel the historic moment in our country close proximity to Manila landmarks and the famed Manila Bay sunset. Providing all visitors with complete amenities for work and play, you won’t regret booking a room here. It is a nice venue for a total relaxation, for sure. Indeed, it is one of the perfect spots to cool off even for a while.

Ventilation and protection from rain and sun were essential tenets of Parsons design.  Corridors were single-loaded, so that breezes could cross from exterior windows to transoms above doors in the corridors.  Broad windows with sliding capiz panels and canopies above created the horizontal banding of the exterior elevations.  

As described in Manila Hotel’s guidebook published in 1939, just two years before Pearl Harbor, the Fiesta Pavilion was “one of the finest and most beautiful ballrooms in the world, surrounded by a wide terrace filled with dining tables.  It has neither doors nor windows, only a high domed roof supported by giant columns.  As you dine, you look out over the fascinating harbor…The Pavilion is open on all sides and the verdant gardens and the blue bay glimpsed thru the coconut palms, form a unique setting

Aristocrat

THE ARISTOCRAT is an iconic restaurant that grew from the inspirational rags-to-riches story of Doña Engracia Cruz-Reyes or Aling Asiang. It started as a small vehicle which served as a rolling food stall that roamed around Luneta and other areas in Manila in 1936. By force of circumstance, the rolling store moved from Luneta to Dewey Blvd, now known as Roxas Blvd. And the store that was located in Roxas Boulevard is the first ever physical store of Aristocrat

Aristocrat Restaurant began as a rolling store way back in the 1930s in Luneta. The restaurant has been in business for at least 81 years. It was opened by Engracia “Asiang” Cruz –Reyes, his grandmother, to avoid losing their forks and spoons. Aling Asiang introduced chicken barbeque. In 1928, Since Lola Asiang’s brood was growing, she decided that since she was cooking for a lot of people already (the Reyes family had 13 children) might as well earn from all that effort. Asiang quickly converted the ground floor of their house in Marquez de Comillas into an eatery that she called Lapu-Lapu. Early on she decided that she would always cook and serve delicious and affordable Filipino food.

Since aristocrat is an old style resturant which stated above that it was started in 1928 where filipinoes are still tune up to the spaniard style. The architecture of aristocrat gives ephasis to famous volt of a roman art which aristocrat restaurant adapted. It also an old fashion roof tiles. The color of the restaurant gives an amazing vibrant to the people who wanted to eat. Because yellow means happiness.

US EMBASSY MANILA

The Embassy of the United States of America to the Philippines is situated in the Chancery Building of the Manila American Embassy along Roxas Boulevard (formerly Dewey Boulevard) in Ermita, Manila. The Embassy has been representing the United States Government since the Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946.

The chancery of the Embassy in Manila was first constructed to house the United States High Commission to the Philippines and was designed by the US Treasury Department, Procurement Division, and Public Buildings Branch after considering and later rejecting a design by the notable Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano. The building is built on reclaimed land that was a gift from the Government of the Philippines and sits on more than 600 reinforced concrete piles that were sunk 60 feet into the site. The site was originally designed as a demesne along Manila Bay, which featured a revival-style mansion that took advantage of the seaside vista. It was insisted, though, that a federal-style building be built. American Federal architecture typically uses plain surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets, and friezes. It also had a flatter, smoother facade and rarely used pilasters. It was most influenced by the interpretation of ancient Roman architecture, fashionable after the unearthing of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The bald eagle was a common symbol used in this style, with the ellipse a frequent architectural motif. The Chancery was completed in 1940.

During World War II, after the Fall of Bataan, the property became the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines. When the Japanese- sponsored Puppet Republic was established in 1943, the building was repainted and refurbished and served as the Embassy of Japan to the Philippines. During its recapture by Allied forces and Philippine guerrillas, the building was seriously damaged but its ballroom, among other rooms, remained intact.

In October 1945, Quonset huts were erected throughout the property and became known as The Courthouse, the center of the Japanese war crimes trial in the Philippines, with the ballroom serving as the courtroom and the upstairs rooms serving as holding cells. On July 4, 1946, the Philippines were granted independence by the United States and the building became known as the United States Embassy in Manila.

As a testament to its battle-scarred history, its flagpole was never restored and still retains the bullet holes it sustained during the war. The chancery has also been designated as historic property by the National Historical Institute of the Philippines as well as being on the United States Secretary of States register of culturally significant places.

BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS (BSP) – Manila

The BSP Main Complex in Manila houses the offices of the Governor, the Monetary Board and the different operating departments/ offices. The Complex has several buildings, namely: 5-Storey building, Multi-storey building, the EDPC building and the BSP Money Museum, which showcases the Bank’s collection of currencies and can be seen along Roxas Boulevard.

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993.

It is one of the Postwar styles of Philippine architecture classified as “Post-Independence/Post-Colonial, specifically, Brutalism.It is a harmonious composition of massive concrete blocks relieved of their severity by continuous horizontal bands of windows. And the Architect of this building is Gabriel Formoso an architect who emphasized  three points on his philosophy of design: first, architecture is a fine art committed to creating beauty; second, the social nature of architecture places a unique responsibility on the architect, that a building becomes part of the environment and functions in a dynamic interaction with it; and third, architecture must strive for simplicity. While some of Formoso’s buildings are characterized by cool elegance, others are notable for their warmth and ruggedness. 

Philippine Navy

The Philippine Navy (Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas) is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It has an estimated strength of 24,000 active service personnel, including the 7,500-strong Philippine Marine Corps. It shares the responsibility of patrolling the maritime borders with the Philippine Coast Guard, a formerly attached unit which became a separate maritime law enforcement agency in 1998. Located and situated along Roxas Boulevard

On Sunday, June 25, 1950, the existence of the Republic of Korea as a democratic nation was shattered when armored and infantry elements of the North Korean People’s Army crossed the border into Seoul. The surprise attack caught off guard the Republic of Korea Armed Forces who lacked the equipment to withstand a massive communist invasion.

On that same day, the United Nations Security Council Resolution Number 82 was enacted which called for the immediate withdrawal of the belligerent forces from South Korea. It went unheeded prompting the world body to pass UNSC Resolution number 83 calling on member countries to support militarily the ROK in deterring communist aggression.

Concerns about the Chinese incursion to the sea features claimed by the Philippines and other Southeast Asian states were more pronounced in the last years of the 20th century. This was more evident after the Chinese construction of a military outpost at the Mischief Reef on 1995. As a response, the Philippine Navy dispatched the BRP Sierra Madre and deliberately ran it aground in the Second Thomas Shoal, 5 miles from the Chinese facility and south of the rumored oil-rich Reed Bank, which it maintains as its own station today. However, it remains unable to protect other Philippine Reefs that have been reclaimed by the Chinese

Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex

The Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, also known as CCP Complex, is an 88-hectare (220-acre) owned by The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) located along Roxas Boulevard in Metro Manila, Philippines, most of which fall under the jurisdiction of the city of Pasay.

The Cultural Center of the Philippines is an essence of original Filipino design inspired by the various styles but most generally International Style during that period when this structure was built. The most prominent characteristics of International Style buildings are rectilinear forms; light, rigid plane surfaces that have been completely exposed; open interior spaces by the use of glasses in genera; and an illustrational weightless quality produced by the use of cantilever construction.

This great structure was led by previous President Ferdinand Marcos in 1969 merely to “promote and preserve Filipino arts and culture, and to become a Mecca or center of culture and the arts in Asia.” In addition, I noticed that the rest of the structure is clad in concrete, textured by crushed seashells, the parts or the shell itself within the concrete that was used mainly in street and amazingly in structure itself. In the entrance to ccp its wide cantilever was all designed by massive structures or construction and more of geometrical shapes incorporated to itself. Also the walls outside was entirely made of marble and was cladded by seashells. And I also notice those small openings beneath its corrugated textured walls.

Folk Arts Theater

Folk Arts Theater is also known as The Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas. It is one of the performance venues of the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

This covered proscenium amphitheater is where entertainment such as popular concerts, musicals, and plays are usually staged. It has 8,458 seating capacity in ten sections. The theater takes its name from Francisco Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagtas, in awe to the country’s greatest poet. The theater was built in 90 days and was designed by Leandro V. Locsin in 1974.

The building was officially authorized by First Lady Imelda Marcos for the Miss Universe Beauty Pageant in 1974, which was to be held in Manila in the same year.

MANILA FILM CENTER ( AMAZING SHOW )

The Manila Film Center is a national building located at the southwest end of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex in Pasay, Philippines. The structure was designed by architect Froilan Hong where its edifice is supported on more than nine hundred piles which reaches to the bed-rock about 120 feet below.

The Architectural style of this building is Brutalism the construction of this building started 1981 and was completed 1982. Brutalism because the building has been the subject of controversies due to a fatal accident that happened on November 17, 1981.

Prior to the Manila Film Center, the Philippines did not have an official national film archive which is why on January 1981, then first lady Imelda Marcos spearheaded the building of the first Manila Center. Under the supervision of Betty Benitez, the spouse of then Deputy MHS Minister Jose Conrado Benitez, they organized a group to pursue the project

Several ocular visits were done by Unesco in 1981 where they were responsible for major consultations needed in the structure’s erection. The building was then designed to have two components which were the auditoria and archives. According to Hong, the foundation was set on reclaimed land near the Manila Bay. Since the deadline of the structure was tight, it required 4,000 workers, working in 3 shifts across 24 hours. One thousand workers constructed the lobby in 72 hours, a job which would normally entail six weeks of labor. The Film Center opened in 1982 costing an estimate of $25 million.

An accident occurred around 3:00 a.m. on November 17, 1981 during the construction of the Manila Film Center. The scaffolding collapsed,and at least 169 workers fell and were buried under quick-drying wet cement. A blanket of security was immediately imposed by the Marcos regime. Neither rescuers nor ambulances were permitte on the site until an official statement had been prepared. The rescuers were eventually permitted to go inside the accident site nine hours after the collapse.

Amidst everything, the first Manila International film festival pushed through from the 18th to the 29th of January 1982. A total of 17 movies competed in the festival.

Star City

Star City was established in 1991 as an offshoot of the annual Toys and Gift Fair, a Christmas trade exhibition by the Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibit (PhilCite) which first organized in 1976. Under Fred Elizalde, the fair evolved into an amusement park later named Star City. The former PhilCite building upon which the park was based upon was pulled down in the late 1990s to make way for the park’s indoor rides.

Star City offers a wide variety of rides for the whole family. For kids, they have the Little Tykes,  Quack Quack, Rodeo, Ball Pool, Tea Cup, Kiddie Pool, Kiddie Bump Car, Frosty Train, Mini Pirate Ship, and Road Race. 

Aside from kiddie rides, the park also offers family rides like Egyptian Spinning Coaster, Giant Star Wheel, Grand Carousel, Telecombat, Wacky Worm, Red Baron, Magic Forest, Dragon Express, Annex Carousel, and Happy Swing.For those hanging out with friends, you can try their group-friendly rides including Tornado, Music Express, Bump Car Smash, Bump Car Rave, Bumper Boat, and Jumping Star. Don’t forget to explore other thrilling rides like Star Frisbee, Viking, Star Flyer, Jung Splash, and Surf Dance for a heart-stirring experience.

Through the years, Star City never loses its magic to kids and kids at heart. It continues to reinvent and upgrade its facility to attract people of all ages. From the simplest to the more extreme rides, they have it all here. But sadly, recently the Star city was caught on fire and since then it was been closed and not open to give magic to people.

Philippine International Convention Center

The Philippine International Convention Center or “Sentrong Pangkumbensyong Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas” (PICC) is a convention center located in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex in Pasay, Metro Manila. This has been the host of numerous local and foreign conventions, meetings, fairs and social events.

Built in a span of 23 months, from November 1974 to September 1976, with its architect, Leandro Locsin, the PICC made history as Asia’s first conventional center. It has The Philippine International Convention Center is composed of five building modules; the Delegation Building, Secretariat Building, Plenary Hall, Reception Hall and The Forum. It was built in reclaimed land and has a floor area of more than 65,000 sq ft (6,000 m²).

In my perspective, it is a very common building in the Philippines. It is not that unique from most architectural design. But you can see and appreciate its history, purpose and influence as it stands proudly in the most crowded and populated area in the country.

SOFITEL PHILIPPINE PLAZA MANILA

The creation of the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila was linked with the founding of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in 1969. In 1966, first lady Imelda Marcos took Malacanang Palace guest of honor John D. Rockefeller Jr. for a drive along Roxas Boulevard.

Pointing out where the cultural center was going to be built, the American philanthropist protested, “But Mrs. Marcos, its water.” The first lady replied, ‘on the first year, I’ll cover the soil. On the second year, I’ll drive the pile. On the third year, the building will rise. On the fourth year, the curtain will rise”.  Built to host the prestigious IMF- World Bank Annual Meeting, the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila (formerly called Philippine Plaza Hotel) was inaugurated on September 26, 1976. It was a $500 million project that at the time was the most expensive hotel ever built anywhere in the world.

The vernacular renaissance in Philippine architecture reached unprecedented heights in the 1970’sand Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, a Leonardo Locsin signature work of art, is an extravagant celebration of Filipino identity and brilliance in contemporary design and artistry. A celebrated icon, Leandro Locsin is the architectural genius behind unique Filipino masterpiece including the cultural center of the Philippines, Bulwagang Francisco Balagtas (now Folks Arts Theatre). The Philippine International Convention Center and the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. He is the creative visionary behind the Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, the first, biggest and most expensive city resort hotel in Asia during its rise.

A step into the opulent hotel imprints a quaint allure that entwines two unique cultures and metropolitan narratives. The earth colors, illuminated pearl inlays and textures of dark wood in modern lines provide a distinct ambiance- Filipino contemporary design and classic European old world charm tastefully intertwined. The Parisian topiaries and elaborate floral arrangements, signature brand aroma, pipe in music and classic French rituals blend impressively with the sophisticated style and splendor of the art décor adding glamour and French elegance to distinct Filipino masterpiece.

THE AUTHORS

REFERENCES:

1. www.bsp.gov.ph
2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard
3. “Manila National Film Centre, Page 2, Annex 1, Building Specification”(PDF). Unesco. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
4. “MIFF Press Release”. Open Library, Published in 1982, Office of Media Affairs (Manila). Retrieved 2009-01-16
5. pinterest.com/GabrielFormoso
6. wikipedia.com
7. https://www.aristocrat.com.ph › our-history
8. https://www.manila-hotel.com.ph › our-history
9. https://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph
10. https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Star_City_(amusement_park)
11. philippinenavy.tripod.com › history